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Indian Judgements

Supreme Court Division on Referencing the 2023 Election Commissioners Act to a Constitution Bench

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In this landmark split verdict, a two-judge Bench comprising Justices Dipankar Datta and Satish Chandra Sharma delivered differing opinions on whether to refer the challenge against the constitutional validity of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023 to a five-judge Constitution Bench under Article 145(3) of the Constitution. Justice Dipankar Datta held that the challenge only required the application of settled constitutional principles from Anoop Baranwal regarding the independence of the Election Commission of India (ECI) and voted against a reference. Conversely, Justice Satish Chandra Sharma maintained that the question of whether Parliament can exclude a neutral arbiter and vest appointment power predominantly in the executive is a novel, substantial question of law requiring a Constitution Bench. Owing to this split, the matter was placed before the Hon’ble Chief Justice of India for the constitution of a larger Bench, while the judges jointly flagged serious institutional concerns regarding the delayed disposal of constitutional references and recommended establishing a permanent Constitution Bench.

  • Background of Challenge:
    • Multiple writ petitions under Article 32 challenged the constitutional validity of Sections 6, 7, and 8(2) of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners Act, 2023 as violative of Articles 14 and 324.
    • The core grievance targeted Section 7, which configures the Selection Committee to consist of the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition, and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister, effectively removing the Chief Justice of India (CJI) mandated pro tem by the Constitution Bench in Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India.
  • Justice Dipankar Datta’s Opinion (No Reference):
    • Interim Nature of Anoop Baranwal: The pro tem mechanism in Anoop Baranwal was an exercise under Article 142 to fill a legislative vacuum and was explicitly meant to operate only until Parliament enacted a law.
    • Application vs. Interpretation: Because the basic structure principle that the ECI must be independent and free from exclusive executive control is already firmly settled, the present task is merely applying established law to a new statutory measure rather than interpreting the Constitution afresh; hence, a reference under Article 145(3) is unwarranted.
    • Prima Facie Critique: Expressed serious prima facie concerns that including a Cabinet Minister alongside the Prime Minister creates a 2:1 structural majority, reducing the Leader of Opposition’s role to a mere ornament and failing the essential public perception test of independence.
  • Justice Satish Chandra Sharma’s Opinion (In Favor of Reference):
    • Novel Constitutional Question: There is no prior authoritative pronouncement evaluating the constitutional validity of the 2023 Act.
    • Substantial Question: Whether Parliament can completely exclude a neutral judicial selector and maintain a selection committee dominated by the executive touches upon core structural and separation-of-powers questions, constituting a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution that mandates a five-judge Bench under Article 145(3).
  • Final Order and Institutional Recommendations:
    • Reference to CJI: Due to the divergence of opinion, the papers were directed to be placed before the Chief Justice of India to constitute a Constitution Bench to decide the vires of the 2023 Act.
    • Call for Reform: Highlighting historical delays in resolving constitutional references (such as Anoop Baranwal taking 8 years and Jai Bir Singh taking decades), the judges strongly urged the Chief Justice of India to explore setting up a permanent five-judge Constitution Bench to prioritize and fast-track pure constitutional matters.

2026 INSC 1040

Dr. Jaya Thakur and Ors. v. Union of India and Anr. (D.O.J. 23.09.2026)

2026 INSC 1040 click here to view full text of judgment

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Judicial Consistency and Protection Against Criminalizing Civil Disputes: FIR Quashed Against Power of Attorney Holder

October 7, 2026 No Comments

The Supreme Court of India allowed a criminal special leave petition, setting aside the High Court of Karnataka’s order and quashing the criminal proceedings against a General Power of Attorney (GPA) holder in FIR/Crime No. 121/2016. A Bench comprising Justice Satish Chandra Sharma and Justice Nongmeikapam Kotiswar Singh held that criminal process cannot be abused to settle purely civil contractual disputes. Reaffirming the principle of judicial consistency, the Supreme Court ruled that where criminal proceedings arising from a land sale transaction had already been quashed against the principal landowners by a Coordinate Bench, the GPA holder—who merely acted as a confirming party on their behalf—could not be subjected to criminal liability on artificially distinguished grounds.

  • Factual Background:
    • Legal heirs of a deceased landowner executed an agreement for sale and a GPA dated October 5, 2012, in favor of the petitioner (Sudha Rakesh).
    • Acting through the petitioner as GPA holder, the landowners entered into an agreement for sale dated November 19, 2012, with prospective buyers (respondent No. 2 and another), stipulating completion within 7 months.
    • When the prospective buyers failed to pay the balance consideration or seek execution within the stipulated time or limitation period, the landowners and petitioner executed a registered sale deed on February 11, 2016, in favor of an ultimate buyer (Gaffar Baig).
    • Subsequently, the prospective buyers filed a civil suit for specific performance and also lodged FIR No. 121/2016 alleging offences under Sections 420, 423, 120-B, and 34 of the IPC against both the landowners and the petitioner.
  • Divergent High Court Decisions & Judicial Propriety:
    • Quashing for Landowners: A Bench of the High Court quashed the FIR qua the principal landowners, observing that the matter was purely a civil dispute given a criminal color.
    • Dismissal for GPA Holder: A Coordinate Bench of the High Court later dismissed the petitioner’s quashing petition, holding that as a GPA holder and confirming party who physically received consideration, there were triable issues regarding whether money was transmitted to the landowners or whether the sale was at a lower price.
    • Supreme Court’s Analysis: The Supreme Court criticized this approach, holding that the Coordinate Bench erred by going beyond the scope of allegations. The landowners had never accused the petitioner of misappropriation, and the petitioner’s role could not be elevated beyond that of the principal landowners. Adherence to judicial consistency required extending the same relief to the petitioner.
  • Absence of Criminal Offence (Cheating & Section 423 IPC):
    • Cheating (Section 420 IPC): The Court noted that the foundational requirement of deception at the inception of the transaction was missing. The initial money transfer in 2012 was legitimate, and the subsequent sale occurred four years later in 2016.
    • False Statement in Deed (Section 423 IPC): There was no false statement as to consideration in the agreement or sale deed. Even if any false statement existed in the 2016 sale deed, it would affect the ultimate buyer, not the prospective buyer under the expired agreement.
  • Supreme Court’s Verdict:
    • The Court concluded that the proceedings were a classic case of casting the shadow of criminality on a pure civil dispute.
    • Setting aside the High Court’s judgment dated September 19, 2022, the Supreme Court quashed FIR No. 121/2016 and all consequential proceedings pending against the petitioner.

2026 INSC 1086

Sudha Rakesh v. The State of Karnataka & Anr. (D.O.J. 05.10.2026)

2026 INSC 1086 click here to view full text of judgment

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Absence of Proof of Demand Fatal to Corruption Prosecution: Aacquittal Despite Recovery of Tainted Money

October 7, 2026 No Comments

The Supreme Court of India allowed a criminal appeal, setting aside the judgments of the Jharkhand High Court and the Special Judge (ACB), Chaibasa, and cleared the appellant of charges under Sections 7 and 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. A Division Bench comprising Justice Ujjal Bhuyan and Justice Atul S. Chandurkar held that proof of demand and voluntary acceptance of illegal gratification is the sine qua non for establishing an offence under the PC Act. The Court reaffirmed that mere recovery of chemically-treated currency notes from an accused’s residence or a positive phenolphthalein test—devoid of direct or corroborative evidence showing actual demand and acceptance—is insufficient to sustain a conviction beyond reasonable doubt.

  • Factual Background:
    • The appellant, an Assistant in the District Education Office at Saraikella, was accused of demanding a bribe of ₹5,000 from the complainant (a school orderly) to release his withheld salary.
    • Following a complaint to the Vigilance Bureau, a trap operation was conducted on May 20, 2010. The complainant went with the appellant to the latter’s rented accommodation, where the bribe money was allegedly paid and placed under a bed/pillow.
    • The trap team subsequently retrieved ₹5,000 from the appellant’s residence and conducted a hand-wash solution test, which turned pink. The trial court convicted the appellant, and the High Court affirmed the conviction.
  • Evidentiary Inconsistencies & Unwitnessed Transaction:
    • The Supreme Court analyzed witness depositions and noted major contradictions regarding whether the appellant was arrested at his office or at his residence.
    • Crucially, no member of the trap team, shadow witness, or independent witness actually saw or heard the appellant demand the bribe or accept the money. The prosecution relied solely on the uncorroborated testimony of the complainant.
    • Independent witnesses (office clerks) testified that they merely signed seizure papers under police instructions without witnessing any money recovery or transaction.
  • Reaffirmation of Legal Precedents (Sine Qua Non of Demand):
    • Referring to settled law in Satyanarayana Murthy, the Constitution Bench ruling in Neeraj Dutta, Aman Bhatia, and Jaswinder Singh, the Court reiterated that:
      1. Proof of demand is the foundation (sine qua non) of offences under Sections 7 and 13 of the PC Act.
      2. Acceptance and demand must be proven as matters of fact beyond reasonable doubt.
      3. Recovery of tainted currency notes from the possession or premises of a public servant, standing alone without proof of demand, cannot bring home a conviction.
    • Supreme Court’s Verdict:
      • The Court concluded that the prosecution failed to prove demand and acceptance of illegal gratification.
      • Even though the appellant had already completed serving his four-year prison sentence and paid the fine, the Court allowed the appeal to clear his name, setting aside both lower court orders and exonerating him of all charges.

2026 INSC 1084

Ajit Kumar v. State of Jharkhand (D.O.J. 05.10.2026)

2026 INSC 1084 click here to view full text of judgment

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Identification of Absconding Accused: Supreme Court Overrules Preemptory Quashing in NDPS Cases

October 7, 2026 No Comments

The Supreme Court of India allowed an appeal filed by the State of Karnataka, setting aside a High Court order that had quashed criminal proceedings under Section 20(b)(ii)(C) of the NDPS Act against an absconding accused (Accused No. 3). A Division Bench of Justice J.B. Pardiwala and Justice K. Vinod Chandran held that precedents such as Tofan Singh, Pallulabid Ahmad Arimutta, Balwinder Singh, and Firdoskhan Khurshidkhan—which rule that confessional/disclosure statements lack evidentiary value for conviction or bail—do not justify the premature quashing of a pending prosecution against an absconder at the initial stage. The Court clarified that co-accused disclosures revealing the identity of a suspect who fled the spot serve as valid investigative leads, and restored the proceedings to the Special Court while granting the accused liberty to seek discharge at the appropriate stage.

  • Factual Background:
    • Police intercepted a car containing 32.615 kgs of Ganja (commercial quantity) hidden in the dashboard and trunk.
    • Two individuals were apprehended on the spot, while a third person fled.
    • The apprehended co-accused disclosed the identity of the person who escaped as the respondent (Sadiq Pasha). Because the respondent evaded arrest, a split charge-sheet was drawn naming him as an absconder.
    • The High Court quashed the split criminal proceedings (Special Case No. 24 of 2022) relying on Tofan Singh and connected rulings, on the ground that the respondent was neither caught on the spot nor found in physical possession of contraband, and was implicated solely on co-accused statements.
  • Distinction of Legal Precedents (Tofan Singh & Subsequent Rulings):
    • Scope of Precedents: The Supreme Court emphasized that Tofan Singh and its progeny addressed the evidentiary value of statements under Section 67 or Section 53A of the NDPS Act at the stage of conviction or cancellation of bail, where confessional statements formed the sole substantive evidence.
    • Application to Pending Trials/Absconders: These precedents cannot be extrapolated to quash a pending trial at the threshold, especially where an accused fled the crime scene.
  • Investigative Utility of Initial Disclosures:
    • While confessional or disclosure statements from a co-accused cannot lead to a conviction on their own during a trial, a disclosure made on the spot identifying a suspect who fled is a legitimate investigative lead.
    • The Investigating Officer is entitled to use such disclosures to gather further evidence, which must then be tested in a properly instituted trial or evaluated at the stage of framing charges/discharge.
  • Supreme Court’s Verdict & Directions:
    • The Supreme Court set aside the High Court’s quashing order and restored Special Case No. 24 of 2022 before the Principal District and Sessions Judge / Special Court, Udupi.
    • The respondent was directed to appear before the Trial Court within two weeks to seek bail.
    • The Court explicitly clarified that the respondent retains the liberty to move a discharge application before the Special Court if the final investigation materials reveal no independent evidence connecting him to the crime.

2026 INSC 1083

The State of Karnataka & Anr. v. Sadiq Pasha (D.O.J. 01.10.2026)

2026 INSC 1083 click here to view full text of judgment

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Counter-Blast Allegations & Delayed Claims: Supreme Court Quashes “Rape on Promise of Marriage” FIR

October 7, 2026 No Comments

The Supreme Court of India allowed a criminal appeal and quashed FIR No. 326 of 2025, Charge Sheet No. 5 of 2026, and all consequent proceedings in Criminal Case No. 147 of 2026 against the appellant and co-accused. A Division Bench comprising Justice J. B. Pardiwala and Justice K. Vinod Chandran evaluated the matter under the four-step framework for quashing criminal proceedings established in Pradeep Kumar Kesarwani v. State of U.P.. The Court found that the allegations of rape, delayed by over a year and a half, were brought as a counter-blast to prior extortion complaints filed by the appellant. It held that the criminal prosecution was initiated primarily to coerce the appellant into marriage, which constitutes a clear abuse of the judicial process.

  • Factual Background & Counter-Allegations:
    • The appellant (a bank customer) and the 2nd respondent (a bank employee) entered into an acquaintance that turned into a relationship.
    • The appellant alleged that the 2nd respondent extorted money from him and lodged two formal police complaints against her prior to the FIR.
    • The 2nd respondent subsequently filed FIR No. 326 of 2025 alleging that she was intoxicated and raped in May 2024, after which the appellant promised to marry her to prevent her from reporting the incident. She further alleged forced abortions, assault, and threats by the appellant and his family.
  • Application of the Four-Step Test (Pradeep Kumar Kesarwani):
    • Step One (Sterling Material): The appellant produced verifiable proof of monetary transfers to the respondent and documented prior police complaints lodged against her for extortion.
    • Step Two (Refutation of Assertions): The complainant’s own statements revealed that the alleged “promise of marriage” was not used to induce initial consent, but was allegedly offered post-incident to prevent reporting. Additionally, the rape allegation was delayed by over 18 months, with no medical evidence confirming the alleged abortions.
    • Step Three (Unrefuted Evidence): Unreported instances of alleged assaults in hotels and threats, contrasted against prior police complaints by the appellant, showed the criminal case was a retaliatory counter-blast.
    • Step Four (Abuse of Process): Proceeding with the trial would be an abuse of process because the complainant explicitly stated she sought criminal prosecution as leverage because the appellant refused to marry her.
  • Supreme Court’s Directions:
    • Quashing of Prosecution: Finding the relationship to be consensual gone sour, the Court set aside the High Court’s refusal to quash and terminated all criminal proceedings against the appellant and co-accused.
    • Consequential Direction: To bring complete quietus to the personal dispute, the Court directed that further proceedings on the appellant’s prior extortion complaints against the bank employee also need not be pursued.

2026 INSC 1082

Sachin Gupta v. The State of Chhattisgarh and Anr. (D.O.J. 01.10.2026)

2026 INSC 1082 click here to view full text of judgment

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