2025 INSC 363

SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

(HON’BLE DIPANKAR DATTA, J. AND HON’BLE RAJESH BINDAL, JJ.)

GARDEN REACH SHIPBUILDERS AND ENGINEER LIMITED

Petitioner

VERSUS

GRSE LIMITED WORKMENS UNION AND ORS.

Respondent

Civil Appeal No. 3243 OF 2025 [arising out of SLP (C) No. 28399 of 2024]-Decided on 25-02-2025

Service Law

Letters Patent, Calcutta High Court Clause 15 – Letters Patent Appeal - Maintainability - Delisting of case - Subject matter of the writ petition concerned refusal to offer compassionate appointment by GRSE Ltd. to the writ petitioners - A learned Single Judge the High Court by an order dated February 21, 2022 (under challenge in the intra-court appeal) had de-listed the writ petition awaiting a decision of this Court on the reference made to a larger bench in State Bank of India v. Sheo Shankar Tewari , with liberty to mention after the reference is answered.

Held that although the Single Judge may not have been entirely right in de- listing the writ petition on the stated ground and ought to have proceeded with consideration of the writ petition finally, giving due regard to the law then prevailing, rights of the parties were not determined and no judgment was rendered if seen within the prism of clause 15 of the Letters Patent -Held that thus, it is debatable as to whether an intra-court appeal could have at all been maintained before the appellate court against the order of de-listing - Even if an intra-court appeal was maintainable against the order of de- listing, the writ petition not having been heard finally and on it being de-listed by the Single Judge with liberty to mention after the reference is answered by this Court, at the highest, intervention to the limited extent of requesting the Single Judge to decide the writ petition in accordance with law was open and permissible.

(Para 4)

(B) Constitution of India, Article 225, 226 - Rules of High Court at Calcutta relating to Applications under Article 226 of The Constitution of India, Rule 26 – Compassionate appointment – Delisting of matter – Jurisdiction of Division Bench - A learned Single Judge the High Court by an order dated February 21, 2022 (under challenge in the intra-court appeal) had de-listed the writ petition awaiting a decision of this Court on the reference made to a larger bench in State Bank of India v. Sheo Shankar Tewari , with liberty to mention after the reference is answered comprising of two judges or a single judge - Single Judge not having referred the writ petition to a bench of two Judges for hearing, the predecessor Division Bench was not quite correct in accepting the suggestion of the parties and agreeing to hear the writ petition without having any authorization from the Chief Justice in this behalf and more particularly bearing in mind the well-settled principle that ‘consent does not confer jurisdiction’ - A judicial order based on consent of the parties, which is in the teeth of the Writ Rules and seeks to unsettle and even override the determination made by the Chief Justice, could not have vested jurisdiction in the appellate court to hear the pending writ petition - Division Bench which passed the impugned order could not have assumed unto itself the jurisdiction to decide the writ petition based on the earlier order dated March 11, 2024 - In other words, an adjudication, beyond allocation, is void and such adjudication has to be considered a nullity - It needs no emphasis that the Chief Justice of the High Court, being the primus inter pares, has been vested with the power and authority to set the roster and such roster is final and binding on all the ‘Companion Justices’ of the said court - Plainly, therefore, the order dated March 11, 2024 and the impugned order are without jurisdiction - On this limited ground, but without examining the merits of the rival claims, the impugned order is liable to be set aside – Matter remanded, with the result that the writ petition shall stand revived on the file of the High Court - Chief Justice of the High Court requested to assign the writ petition to an appropriate bench for its consideration and disposal.

(Para 7 to 10)

JUDGMENT

1. Leave granted.

2. This appeal is directed against the judgment and order dated September 04, 2024[impugned order] passed by an Hon’ble Division Bench [Division Bench] of the High Court of Judicature at Calcutta[High Court] . In course of deciding an intra-court appeal [MAT 850 of 2022]  filed under clause 15 of the Letters Patent by the respondents in this appeal [writ petitioners] , their writ petition[WPA No.13605 of 2016] was allowed, the order impugned in the writ petition set aside and directions were issued to the appellant-Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited [GRSE Ltd.] to appoint 48 (forty-eight) of the 51 (fifty-one) writ petitioners on compassionate ground.

3. Having regard to the order we propose to pass, it is not considered necessary to delve deep into the facts giving rise to the writ petition.

4. Suffice it to note, the subject matter of the writ petition concerned refusal to offer compassionate appointment by GRSE Ltd. to the writ petitioners. A learned Single Judge[Single Judge] of the High Court by an order dated February 21, 2022 (under challenge in the intra-court appeal) had de-listed the writ petition awaiting a decision of this Court on the reference made to a larger bench in State Bank of India v. Sheo Shankar Tewari [(2019) 5 SCC 600] , with liberty to mention after the reference is answered. The Single Judge had referred to the decision of a bench of three-Judges in N.C. Santhosh v. State of Karnataka [Civil Appeal Nos. 9280-81 of 2014, since reported in (2020) 7 SCC 617] . We are inclined to observe that the said decision, at the relevant time, had settled the issue as regards the policy that would apply in considering applications for compassionate appointment, yet, the Single Judge refrained from proceeding with hearing of the writ petition on the specious ground of the pending reference. Although the Single Judge may not have been entirely right in de- listing the writ petition on the stated ground and ought to have proceeded with consideration of the writ petition finally, giving due regard to the law then prevailing, rights of the parties were not determined and no judgment was rendered if seen within the prism of clause 15 of the Letters Patent; thus, it is debatable as to whether an intra-court appeal could have at all been maintained before the appellate court against the order of de-listing in view of the decision of this Court in Shah Babulal Khimji v. Jayaben D. Kania[(1981) 4 SCC 8] . At any rate, even if an intra-court appeal was maintainable against the order of de- listing, the writ petition not having been heard finally and on it being de-listed by the Single Judge with liberty to mention after the reference is answered by this Court, at the highest, intervention to the limited extent of requesting the Single Judge to decide the writ petition in accordance with law was open and permissible. However, it has intrigued us to no end as to how the writ petition could be heard by the Division Bench.

5. At this stage, our attention has been invited by Mr. Soumya Majumdar, learned senior counsel appearing for the writ petitioners to an order dated March 11, 2024 passed by another Division Bench [predecessor Division Bench]  which was then seized of the intra-court appeal. It was pointed out that before such bench, learned senior counsel appearing for GRSE Ltd. had agreed to the suggestion of counsel for the writ petitioners to disposal of the writ petition by the appellate court and it is pursuant thereto that the records of the writ petition were placed before the Division Bench which ultimately, upon a contested hearing, proceeded to pass the impugned order finally disposing of the intra-court appeal as well as the writ petition in favour of the writ petitioners. It is, therefore, submitted that GRSE Ltd. having also agreed to consideration and disposal of the writ petition by the appellate court, this Court may not take too technical a view of the matter and decide the appeal on its merits.

6. This appeal involves a serious question as to whether judicial discipline and propriety, in the light of Rule 26 of the Rules framed by the High Court at Calcutta under Article 225 of the Constitution of India in relation to applications under Article 226 thereof and the powers of the Hon’ble the Chief Justice of the High Court[Chief Justice] as the master of the roster, were maintained. Rule 26, to the extent relevant, reads as follows:

“26. *** A Judge, for the reasons recorded, at the hearing or at any subsequent stage of the proceeding may make it returnable before a Division Bench or may while hearing the Rule, refer the same to the Division Bench for hearing.

***”

7. The Single Judge not having referred the writ petition to a bench of two Judges for hearing, the predecessor Division Bench was not quite correct in accepting the suggestion of the parties and agreeing to hear the writ petition without having any authorization from the Chief Justice in this behalf [determination, as is commonly referred to in the High Court], and more particularly bearing in mind the well-settled principle that ‘consent does not confer jurisdiction’. A judicial order based on consent of the parties, which is in the teeth of the Writ Rules and seeks to unsettle and even override the determination made by the Chief Justice, could not have vested jurisdiction in the appellate court to hear the pending writ petition. As a sequitur, the Division Bench which passed the impugned order could not have assumed unto itself the jurisdiction to decide the writ petition based on the earlier order dated March 11, 2024. The Division Bench, without feeling bound by the said order, could and did have the jurisdiction to decline to hear the writ petition in the absence of any determination. We presently consider it expedient to advert to this aspect of the matter.

8. The cause-list of the predecessor Division Bench dated March 11, 2024 would reveal that it had, inter alia, the determination to hear “APPEAL FROM ORDER RELATING TO SERVICE (GROUP VI) INCLUDING APPLICATIONS CONNECTED THERETO [EXCLUDING ...]”. We have further noticed from the cause-lists of August 16, 2024 (the date on which the writ petition, after hearing, was reserved for judgment) and September 4, 2024 (the date when the writ petition was allowed by the impugned order) that the Division Bench had the same determination, i.e., to hear, inter alia, “APPEAL FROM ORDER RELATING TO SERVICE (GROUP VI) INCLUDING APPLICATIONS CONNECTED THERETO [EXCLUDING ...]”. Moreover, as per the roster set by the Chief Justice, determination was not given either to the predecessor Division Bench or to the Division Bench to hear writ petitions under ‘Service (Group VI)’ of the Classification List appended to the Writ Rules. We have also noticed that determination to hear writ petitions relating to Group VI, as made by the Chief Justice, was given to single benches on the relevant dates. On the face of such determination, neither the predecessor Division Bench nor the Division Bench of the High Court could have assumed jurisdiction to hear the writ petition premised on the legal position that they had jurisdiction to hear appeals from orders passed on writ petitions relating to Group VI.

9. In the light of the law laid down by the High Court itself [authoritatively speaking through Hon’ble P.D. Desai, CJ. (as the Chief Justice then was)] in Sohan Lal Baid v. State of West Bengal [AIR 1990 Calcutta 168] , as approved by a three-Judge Bench of this Court in State of Rajasthan v. Prakash Chand[(1998) 1 SCC 1]  which has subsequently been approved by a Constitution Bench in Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Reforms v. Union of India [(2018) 1 SCC 196] , as well as Rule 26 (supra), we hold that any order which a bench - comprising of two judges or a single judge - may choose to make in a case that is not placed before them/him by the Chief Justice of the High Court or in accordance with His Lordship’s directions, such an order is without jurisdiction. In other words, an adjudication, beyond allocation, is void and such adjudication has to be considered a nullity. It needs no emphasis that the Chief Justice of the High Court, being the primus inter pares, has been vested with the power and authority to set the roster, as articulated in Sohan Lal Baid (supra), and such roster is final and binding on all the ‘Companion Justices’ of the said court. Plainly, therefore, the order dated March 11, 2024 and the impugned order are without jurisdiction.

10. On this limited ground, but without examining the merits of the rival claims, the impugned order is liable to be and is, accordingly, set aside. We order a remand, with the result that the writ petition shall stand revived on the file of the High Court. We request the Chief Justice of the High Court to assign the writ petition to an appropriate bench for its consideration and disposal, as early as possible, but preferably within six months from today, considering that the respondents have been waiting for their turn for compassionate appointment and the appellants have their own reasons for not proceeding with making such appointment resulting in a delayed determination.

11. We, however, record the statement of Mr. Nidhesh Gupta, learned senior counsel appearing for GRSE Ltd. that till such time the writ petition is disposed of by the appropriate Bench of the High Court to which it is assigned by the Chief Justice, no appointment shall be made so as to render the writ petition infructuous. That would take care of the anxiety of the writ petitioners of being non-suited, if appointments were made to defeat their rights. Hence, we refrain from making any interim order to be operative during the pendency of the writ petition or to extend the ad-interim order dated August 1, 2016, passed on such writ petition.

12. The appeal is, accordingly, allowed on the aforesaid terms. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of.

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